# ccie.nyquist.eu ## ccie.nyquist.eu - [Table of Contents](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/readme.md) - [Ethernet Switching](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching.md) - [L2 Switch Operations](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/l2-switch-operations.md) - [Spanning Tree](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/spanning-tree.md) - [802.1d – STP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/spanning-tree/802.1d-stp.md) - [802.1w – RSTP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/spanning-tree/802.1w-rstp.md) - [802.1s – MSTP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/spanning-tree/802.1s-mstp.md) - [VTP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/vtp-101.md) - [Private VLANs](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/private-vlans.md) - [VLANs](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/vlans.md) - [EtherChannel 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/ethernet-switching/etherchannel-101.md) - [Layer 2 WAN Protocols](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols.md) - [HDLC](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/hdlc.md) - [HDLC 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/hdlc/hdlc-101.md) - [PPP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/ppp.md) - [PPP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/ppp/ppp-101.md) - [PPP Authentication - PAP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/ppp/ppp-authentication-pap.md) - [PPP Authentication – CHAP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/ppp/ppp-authentication-chap.md) - [PPP Authentication – EAP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/ppp/ppp-authentication-eap.md) - [PPP Multilink](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/ppp/ppp-multilink.md) - [PPPoFR – PPP over Frame Relay](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/ppp/pppofr-ppp-over-frame-relay.md) - [PPPoE – PPP over Ethernet](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/ppp/pppoe-ppp-over-ethernet.md) - [Frame Relay](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/frame-relay.md) - [Frame Relay 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/frame-relay/frame-relay-101.md) - [Frame Relay 102](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/frame-relay/frame-relay-102.md) - [Frame Relay Encapsulations – IETF vs Cisco](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/frame-relay/frame-relay-encapsulations-ietf-vs-cisco.md) - [Multilink Frame Relay](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/frame-relay/multilink-frame-relay.md) - [Frame Relay Switching](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/frame-relay/frame-relay-switching.md) - [Routing over Frame Relay](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/frame-relay/routing-over-frame-relay.md) - [Bridging](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/bridging.md) - [Bridging on a router](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/bridging/bridging-on-a-router.md) - [MTU 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/layer-2-wan-protocols/bridging/mtu-101.md) - [Wireless](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/wireless.md) - [Wireless Principles](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/wireless/wireless-principles.md) - [Wireless Implementations](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/wireless/wireless-implementations.md) - [Wireless Roaming](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/wireless/wireless-roaming.md) - [Wireless Authentication](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/wireless/wireless-authentication.md) - [WPA2 PSK](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/wireless/wireless-authentication/wpa2-psk.md) - [WPA2 802.1X](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/layer-2-technologies/wireless/wireless-authentication/wpa2-802.1x.md) - [IPv4 Addressing](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing.md) - [Backup Interfaces](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/backup-interfaces.md) - [FHRP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/fhrp-101.md) - [DHCP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/dhcp-101.md) - [DNS 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/dns-101.md) - [ARP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/arp-101.md) - [IPv4 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/ipv4-101.md) - [Tunnel Interfaces](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/tunnel-interfaces.md) - [GRE Tunnels](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/tunnel-interfaces/gre-tunnels.md) - [BFD – Bidirectional Forwarding Detection](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-addressing/bfd-bidirectional-forwarding-detection.md) - [IPv4 Routing](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing.md) - [How the routing table is built](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/how-the-routing-table-is-built.md) - [How CEF works](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/how-the-routing-table-is-built/how-cef-works.md) - [Routing Order of Operations](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/how-the-routing-table-is-built/routing-order-of-operations.md) - [NSF – Non Stop Forwarding](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/how-the-routing-table-is-built/nsf-non-stop-forwarding.md) - [RIP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/rip.md) - [RIP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/rip/rip-101.md) - [EIGRP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/eigrp.md) - [EIGRP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/eigrp/eigrp-101.md) - [EIGRP Metric](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/eigrp/eigrp-metric.md) - [More EIGRP Features](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/eigrp/more-eigrp-features.md) - [OSPF](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/ospf.md) - [OSPF 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/ospf/ospf-101.md) - [OSPF Areas](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/ospf/ospf-areas.md) - [OSPF LSAs](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/ospf/ospf-lsas.md) - [OSPF Mechanics](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/ospf/ospf-mechanics.md) - [IS-IS](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/is-is.md) - [IS-IS 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/is-is/is-is-101.md) - [IS-IS Mechanics – CLNP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/is-is/is-is-mechanics-clnp.md) - [BGP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/bgp.md) - [BGP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/bgp/bgp-101.md) - [BGP Attributes](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/bgp/bgp-attributes.md) - [More BGP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/bgp/more-bgp.md) - [Route Redistribution](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/route-redistribution.md) - [Policy based Routing](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/policy-based-routing.md) - [PfR 101 – Perfromance Routing](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/pfr-101-perfromance-routing.md) - [ODR](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv4/ipv4-routing/odr.md) - [IPv6-101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv6/ipv6-101.md) - [IPv6 Routing](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv6/ipv6-routing.md) - [Interconnecting IPv6 and IPv4](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/ipv6/interconnecting-ipv6-and-ipv4.md) - [MPLS 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/mpls/mpls-101.md) - [MPLS L3 VPN](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/mpls/mpls-l3-vpn.md) - [Multicast 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/multicast/multicast-101.md) - [PIM 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/multicast/pim-101.md) - [IGMP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/multicast/igmp-101.md) - [Inter Domain Multicast](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/multicast/inter-domain-multicast.md) - [IPv6 Multicast](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/multicast/ipv6-multicast.md) - [Multicast features on switches](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/multicast/multicast-features-on-switches.md) - [NAT 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/nat-101.md) - [NAT for Overlapping Networks](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/nat-for-overlapping-networks.md) - [ACLs 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/acls-101.md) - [ACLs 102](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/acls-102.md) - [Cisco IOS Firewall](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/cisco-ios-firewall.md) - [Zone Based Firewall](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/zone-based-firewall.md) - [AAA 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/aaa-101.md) - [Controlling CLI Access](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/controlling-cli-access.md) - [Control Plane](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/control-plane.md) - [Switch Security](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/switch-security.md) - [Switchport Traffic Control](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/switch-security/switchport-traffic-control.md) - [Switchport Port Security](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/switch-security/switchport-port-security.md) - [DHCP Snooping and DAI](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/switch-security/dhcp-snooping-and-dai.md) - [802.1x](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/switch-security/802.1x.md) - [Switch ACLs](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/switch-security/switch-acls.md) - [IPSec VPN 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/ipsec-vpn-101.md) - [IKE / ISAKMP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/ipsec-vpn-101/ike-isakmp-101.md) - [IPSEC Crypto Maps 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/ipsec-vpn-101/ipsec-crypto-maps-101.md) - [IPSEC VTI 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/ipsec-vpn-101/ipsec-vti-101.md) - [DMVPN 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/ipsec-vpn-101/dmvpn-101.md) - [EAP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/security/eap-101.md) - [NTP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-services/ntp-101.md) - [HTTP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-services/http-101.md) - [File Transfer 101 – TFTP & FTP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-services/file-transfer-101-tftp-and-ftp.md) - [WCCP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-services/wccp-101.md) - [QoS 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/qos-101.md) - [Classification and Marking](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/classification-and-marking.md) - [Congestion Management](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/congestion-management.md) - [Legacy Congestion Management](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/congestion-management/legacy-congestion-management.md) - [SPD – Selective Packet Discard](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/congestion-management/spd-selective-packet-discard.md) - [CBWFQ](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/congestion-management/cbwfq.md) - [IP RTP Priority](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/congestion-management/ip-rtp-priority.md) - [Congestion Avoidance – WRED](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/congestion-avoidance-wred.md) - [Policing and Shaping](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/policing-and-shaping.md) - [CAR 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/policing-and-shaping/car-101.md) - [Compression and LFI](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/compression-and-lfi.md) - [Header and Payload Compression](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/compression-and-lfi/header-and-payload-compression.md) - [LFI for MultiLink PPP](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/compression-and-lfi/lfi-for-multilink-ppp.md) - [Frame Relay QoS](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/frame-relay-qos.md) - [Per VC Frame Relay QoS](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/frame-relay-qos/per-vc-frame-relay-qos.md) - [RSVP 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/rsvp-101.md) - [Switching QoS](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/qos/switching-qos.md) - [NetFlow 101 – TNF – Traditional NetFlow](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/netflow-101-tnf-traditional-netflow.md) - [NetFlow 102 – FNF – Flexible NetFlow](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/netflow-102-fnf-flexible-netflow.md) - [IP SLA 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/ip-sla-101.md) - [IP Accounting 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/ip-accounting-101.md) - [Logging 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/logging-101.md) - [SNMP and RMON 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/snmp-and-rmon-101.md) - [Cisco CLI Tips and Tricks](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/cisco-cli-tips-and-tricks.md) - [AutoInstall](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/autoinstall.md) - [Enhanced Object Tracking](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/enhanced-object-tracking.md) - [Troubleshooting 101](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/troubleshooting-101.md) - [SPAN, RSPAN, ERSPAN](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-optimization/span-rspan-erspan.md) - [Hierarchical Network Architecture](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-architecture/hierarchical-network-architecture.md) - [Network Fabrics](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-architecture/network-fabrics.md) - [VXLAN EVPN](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-architecture/vxlan-evpn.md) - [SD Access](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-architecture/sd-access.md) - [SD WAN](https://ccie.nyquist.eu/network-architecture/sd-wan.md) --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com. ## Querying This Documentation If you need additional information, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on a page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://ccie.nyquist.eu/readme.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.